Sixth C.Sc 2025-26

Learning outcomes Sixth Computer Science (2025-26) 

1. Ability to familiarize with basics of computers. 

2. About to familiarize with different types of computers 

3. Ability to operate computers such as Starting and Shutting down Operating System. Handling Desktop Components etc. 

4. Ability to familiarize with Windows Applications such as Notepad, Paint, Calc etc. 

5. Ability to familiarize with the Internal components of a System Unit, such as Motherboards, Processor, Hard Disk, RAM, Power Supply etc. 

6. Ability to familiarize with the Concept of Software and its Categories 

7. Ability to familiarize with different types of Input Devices 

8. Ability to familiarize with different types of Output Devices 

9. Ability to create drawing using different tools available in the Tux Paint 

10. Ability to familiarize with various basic operations related to handle files, such as creating a new file, saving a file, opening a saved file, Undo and Redo Operations etc. 

Computer Science Study Material 

Basics of Computers 

Computers are electronic devices that can process data and perform tasks according to a set of instructions called programs. They consist of hardware (physical components) and software (programs and applications). Understanding the basics of computers involves learning about their functions, components, and how they operate. 

Types of Computers 

Computers come in various types, each designed for specific purposes: 

• Desktop Computers: These are personal computers designed for regular use at a single location. 

• Laptop Computers: Portable computers that can be used in various locations. 

• Tablets: Touchscreen devices that are highly portable. 

• Servers: Computers that provide data and services to other computers over a network. 

• Mainframes: Large and powerful computers used by organizations for bulk data processing. 

Operating Computers 

Operating a computer involves several basic tasks: 

• Starting and Shutting Down: Learning how to properly start and shut down the operating system. 

• Handling Desktop Components: Familiarizing with desktop elements such as icons, taskbar, and start menu. 

Windows Applications 

Windows operating system comes with several built-in applications: 

• Notepad: A simple text editor for creating and editing text files. 

• Paint: A basic graphic editor for creating and editing images. 

• Calculator: A tool for performing arithmetic calculations. 

Internal Components of a System Unit 

A system unit houses several critical components: 

• Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all components. 

• Processor (CPU): The brain of the computer that performs calculations and tasks. 

• Hard Disk: Storage device for data and programs. 

• RAM: Temporary memory that stores data for quick access. 

• Power Supply: Provides power to the computer components. 

Concept of Software and its Categories 

Software refers to programs and applications that run on computers. It can be categorized into: 

• System Software: Includes operating systems and utility programs. 

• Application Software: Programs designed for specific tasks such as word processing, gaming, and browsing. 

Input Devices 

Input devices allow users to interact with computers: 

• Keyboard: Used for typing text and commands. 

• Mouse: Used for pointing, clicking, and dragging. 

• Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital format. 

Output Devices 

Output devices display or produce the results of computer processes: 

• Monitor: Displays visual output from the computer. 

• Printer: Produces physical copies of digital documents. 

• Speakers: Output sound from the computer. 

Drawing with Tux Paint 

Tux Paint is a drawing program for children. It includes various tools for creating artwork: 

• Brushes: Different shapes and sizes for drawing. 

• Stamps: Pre-made images that can be added to drawings. 

• Text Tool: Allows adding text to drawings. 

Basic File Operations 

Handling files involves several basic operations: 

• Creating a New File: Starting a new document or project. 

• Saving a File: Storing the file on the computer for future access. 

• Opening a Saved File: Accessing previously saved files. 

• Undo and Redo Operations: Reverting or reapplying changes made to files. 

More details on Internal Components of System Unit 

Internal Components of a System Unit 

Motherboard 

The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all the components of a computer. It houses the CPU, RAM, and other essential components, and provides connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard also contains the system’s firmware, which initializes the hardware during the boot process. 

Processor (CPU) 

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often referred to as the brain of the computer. It performs calculations and executes instructions to carry out tasks. The CPU’s performance is determined by its clock speed (measured in GHz) and the number of cores it has. Modern CPUs can have multiple cores, allowing them to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. 

Hard Disk 

The hard disk drive (HDD) is a storage device that holds the computer’s data, including the operating system, applications, and files. It uses magnetic storage to read and write data. Solid State Drives (SSDs) are a faster alternative to traditional HDDs, using flash memory to store data. 

RAM 

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the computer’s temporary memory. It stores data that the CPU needs quick access to while performing tasks. The more RAM a computer has, the more data it can handle simultaneously, which improves overall performance. 

Power Supply 

The power supply unit (PSU) converts electrical power from an outlet into a usable form for the computer’s components. It provides the necessary power to the motherboard, CPU, hard disk, and other peripherals. The PSU’s wattage determines how much power it can supply to the system. 

These components work together to ensure the computer operates efficiently and effectively. 

More details on the Central Processing Unit (CPU): 

Central Processing Unit (CPU) 

The CPU, often referred to as the brain of the computer, is a critical component responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It plays a vital role in the overall performance and functionality of a computer. Here are some key aspects of the CPU: 

Clock Speed 

The clock speed of a CPU, measured in gigahertz (GHz), determines how many cycles per second it can execute. A higher clock speed means the CPU can perform more instructions per second, leading to faster performance. For example, a CPU with a clock speed of 3.5 GHz can perform 3.5 billion cycles per second ¹. 

Cores 

Modern CPUs have multiple cores, which are individual processing units within the CPU. Each core can execute instructions independently, allowing the CPU to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. This is known as parallel processing. For instance, a quad-core CPU has four cores, enabling it to handle four tasks at once ¹. 

Cache Memory 

The CPU has a small amount of high-speed memory called cache. Cache memory stores frequently accessed data and instructions, reducing the time it takes for the CPU to retrieve this information from the main memory (RAM). There are typically three levels of cache: 

• L1 Cache: The smallest and fastest cache, located closest to the CPU cores. 

• L2 Cache: Larger than L1 cache but slightly slower. 

• L3 Cache: The largest and slowest cache, shared among all CPU cores. 

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) 

The ISA defines the set of instructions that the CPU can execute. It acts as an interface between the software and the hardware. Common ISAs include x86 (used in most personal computers) and ARM (used in mobile devices and tablets). 

Thermal Design Power (TDP) 

The TDP indicates the maximum amount of heat the CPU generates under typical usage. It is measured in watts and helps determine the cooling requirements for the CPU. A higher TDP means the CPU requires more robust cooling solutions to prevent overheating. 

Integrated Graphics 

Some CPUs come with integrated graphics processing units (GPUs) that handle basic graphical tasks. Integrated GPUs are suitable for everyday tasks like web browsing and video playback but may not be powerful enough for demanding gaming or graphic-intensive applications. 

These aspects of the CPU contribute to its performance and efficiency, making it a crucial component in any computer system. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often referred to as the brain of the computer. It performs calculations and executes instructions to carry out tasks. The CPU’s performance is determined by its clock speed (measured in GHz) and the number of cores it has. Modern CPUs can have multiple cores, allowing them to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. 

Some examples of popular CPU brands and their models: 

Intel 

• Intel Core i9-13900K: A high-performance CPU with 24 cores and 32 threads, suitable for gaming and content creation. 

• Intel Core i7-12700K: A powerful CPU with 12 cores and 20 threads, ideal for high-end computing tasks. 

• Intel Core i5-12600K: A mid-range CPU with 10 cores and 16 threads, offering a good balance between performance and price. 

• Intel Core i3-12100: An entry-level CPU with 4 cores and 8 threads, suitable for basic computing needs. 

AMD 

• AMD Ryzen 9 7950X: A high-end CPU with 16 cores and 32 threads, designed for demanding applications and gaming. 

• AMD Ryzen 7 7700X: A powerful CPU with 8 cores and 16 threads, great for multitasking and gaming. 

• AMD Ryzen 5 7600X: A mid-range CPU with 6 cores and 12 threads, offering excellent performance for its price. 

• AMD Ryzen 3 7300: An entry-level CPU with 4 cores and 8 threads, suitable for everyday computing tasks. 

Apple 

• Apple M1: A custom ARM-based CPU with 8 cores, designed for Mac computers, offering high performance and energy efficiency. 

• Apple M1 Pro: An enhanced version of the M1 with up to 10 cores, providing even better performance for professional applications. 

• Apple M1 Max: A high-performance variant with up to 10 cores, designed for demanding tasks like video editing and 3D rendering. 

These are just a few examples of the many CPUs available in the market. Each brand and model offer different features and performance levels to cater to various computing needs.